Do you know that women in our country, after years of struggle and determination, have finally started gaining the recognition they deserve? Yet, when it comes to monuments, the first thought that strikes most of us is about mighty emperors and kings who left their mark in stone. Rarely does anyone think about empresses or queens. But the truth is, several magnificent monuments were commissioned and built by women, and they continue to stand tall as symbols of strength, vision, and grace.
Here’s a look at some of the most remarkable monuments built by women that hold an unforgettable place in our history and culture:
1. Itimad Ud Daulah, Agra
The Itimad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb in Agra, often called the “jewel box on the banks of the Yamuna”, is one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture. It was commissioned by the powerful Mughal Empress Nur Jahan, wife of Emperor Jahangir, in memory of her father, Mirza Ghiyas Beg (who held the title Itimad-ud-Daulah). Constructed between 1622 and 1628, this elegant monument is not just a symbol of love and respect but also a turning point in architectural history.
What makes it remarkable is that it marked the transition from the use of red sandstone to the more delicate and intricate white marble, paving the way for later masterpieces like the Taj Mahal.
2. Rani Ki Vav, Patan
Rani Ki Vav, located in Patan, Gujarat, is one of the most exquisite stepwells of its time and today proudly holds the title of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This architectural marvel was commissioned by Queen Udayamati in the 11th century, in memory of her husband, King Bhimdev I of the Solanki dynasty.
Built on the banks of the Sarasvati River, Rani Ki Vav is a masterpiece of the Maru-Gurjara style of architecture. What makes it truly fascinating is its unique design—it is crafted like an inverted temple, symbolizing the sanctity of water. As one descends into the stepwell, they encounter seven levels of intricately carved sculptures, each narrating stories of gods, goddesses, and mythological beings, making it both a functional structure and a spiritual journey.
3. Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi
The magnificent Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi, a proud UNESCO World Heritage Site, was commissioned by Empress Hamida Banu Begum in memory of her husband, Emperor Humayun, after his death in 1556. This grand mausoleum not only immortalizes her love and devotion but also marked the beginning of a new era in Mughal architecture.
Designed by skilled Persian and Indian craftsmen, Humayun’s Tomb is often referred to as the “Dormitory of the Mughals”, as more than 150 members of the royal family are buried here. Built on a lofty platform and crowned with a majestic onion-shaped dome, it set the stage for later architectural marvels, including the world-famous Taj Mahal.
4. Mirjan Fort, Uttara Kannada
The Mirjan Fort, located in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, is a 16th-century marvel built under the reign of Queen Chennabhairadevi of Gersoppa. Fondly remembered as the “Pepper Queen” for her flourishing spice trade, she used the fort as a strategic hub for the storage and shipping of pepper, which was a prized commodity of that era.
Belonging to the Tuluva-Saluva clan, Queen Chennabhairadevi ruled with remarkable strength and vision for nearly 54 years. The Mirjan Fort, with its massive laterite walls, secret passages, and wells, has witnessed many fierce battles over the centuries. Today, it stands not only as a testimony to her reign but also as a striking example of Karnataka’s rich history and heritage.
5. Lal Darwaza, Jaunpur
The Lal Darwaza Masjid, located in the historic town of Jaunpur, is one of the most remarkable examples of medieval architecture. Built in 1573 by Queen Rajye Bibi, the mosque was dedicated to her spiritual guide, Saint Saiyyad Ali Dawood Kutubbudin, as a tribute to his teachings and wisdom.
Constructed to spread the message of faith and devotion, the mosque is distinguished by its striking vermillion-painted gateway, which closely resembles the entrance to the queen’s private palace. Even today, the Lal Darwaza Masjid stands as a symbol of reverence, spirituality, and the queen’s deep commitment to preserving religious harmony.
6. Dakshineswar Kali Mandir, Kolkata
Built by Rani Rashmoni, the Dakshineswar Kali Mandir in Kolkata is one of the most revered temples of the city. A noted philanthropist, the queen also stood firmly against social evils like child marriage and sati. Constructed in 1857 on nearly 20 acres of land, the temple showcases the charm of traditional Bengali-style architecture. Even today, it remains a sacred destination, drawing countless devotees throughout the year.
7. Sri Mohinishwar Shivalaya, Gulmarg
One of the iconic Shiva temples in Gulmarg is the Sri Mohinishwara Shivalay, also known as Rani Ji Temple or Maharani Shankar Temple. It was built in 1915 by Maharani Mohini Bai Sisodia and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. With its striking red roof against the snow-clad mountains, the temple has also been featured in several movies, making it both a spiritual and cultural landmark.
8. Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal
The Virupaksha Temple at Pattadakal was built in the 8th century by Queen Lokamahadevi, chief consort of Vikramaditya II, to commemorate his victory over the Pallavas in Kanchipuram. The temple’s grand porch houses an impressive Nandi statue, while its intricate carvings narrate scenes from Hindu mythology, making it a masterpiece of early Chalukyan architecture.
